If, elif, and else in SikuliX automated software testing to toggle volum...

In this tutorialvideo I show you how to use if condition to handle uncertain scenarios in test automation.
We're using SikuliX which lets us write scripts in Jython, a flavor of Python that runs on JVM.
Please note I publish one new automated testing video every Thursday.
These are geared towards teaching automated testing to our manual QA friends.

Drag and drop operation in SikuliX for automated testing

It is very easy to perform drag and drop operation in SIkuliX. In this video I will show you how to perform drag drop in Sikuli. Sikuli is a test automation tool. It can be used for improving your QA testing speed and accuracy.
This video is published on Test Automation TV, a Youtube channel aimed at helping all QA persons become automated testers. It is also there to improve the knowledge of existing automation testers and form a community.
New video tutorials and discussions are posted every Thursday, please subscribe.

Host, IP Address, and Port Number In Computer Networking, Socket Programing, and Distributed Applications

Example of A Host In A Computer Network

Host

We must have a sound understanding of a few networking concepts before we start writing a network application’s code. We’ll start with the term Host.

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A host is a fancy term for any computing device connected to a computer network.
This machine can be a laptop, a smartphone, your home router, Amazon Alexa, or a server running in the cloud.
A machine is called a host for a reason.
It is called a host because "it is hosting a software which can communicate over the network."

Every host on a network is accessible through a unique address within that network.
This address is called Internet Protocol Address, or IP Address for short.

 A few examples of IP addresses are given below. It is written in dotted decimal notation.
We’ll learn more about the IP address in the next video.

IP Address

In this video, I’ll explain what an IP address is. IP Stands for Internet Protocol.
V is for version.

IP V4 In Computer Networks

At present, IP V4 is the most widespread IP protocol.
Another version of IP specification is IP V6, which is catching up these days.
An IP V4 address is a group of 4 different 8-bit numbers.
The total length of the IP Address is 32 bits.
An individual number inside the IP Address can have a value between 0 and 255
When printing an IP address, the four numbers are separated by a dot to make reading easier.
This method of printing the IP address is called the dotted decimal notation.
In many cases, a hostname is used instead of an IP address.
A hostname gets translated into an IP address by a Domain Name Server, a.k.a DNS.

The Port(Number)

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In order to understand port numbers, we will use an analogy.
Let’s consider that your PC is like an apartment building.
This building can be reached through a specific street address.
In the case of a PC, it will be the IP address.
This building is further divided into apartments, where every apartment is identified by a unique apartment number.

This apartment number is similar to the port number.
The computer contains a large but finite number of ports.
Each apartment in this building is occupied by only one thread or process.
Only one thread or process can send or receive data from a port number.
When we need to send data to a specific thread or process, we need to know which port number it is using.
We also need to know the PC's IP address on which the thread or the process is running.
The combination of an IP address and a port number is known as an EndPoint.
A few examples are shown on the screen.
There are total of 65536 ports on a computer.
Port numbers from 0 to 1023 are reserved for operating system usage.
These apartments are occupied by the building administration.
 These are called well-known ports or system ports.
A few examples are port 20 is used for FTP(File Transfer Protocol).
Port 23 for telnet and port 25 for emails using SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
And port 53 for DNS(Domain Name Server).

You don't need to learn C# to work on this course.

Socket Java, python socket udp

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Key characteristics of UDP and comparison to TCP/IP

Let’s talk about UDP and compare it to TCP/IP, another populer internet communication protocol..
The synonym UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol.

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It is a connection-less IP data transfer protocol.

But… what is connectionless?

Lemme explain, in a connectionless protocol the sender and the receiver don’t need to establish a connection before they could start a data transfer.
For example if you want to talk to a stranger in real life, you’ll need to shake hands and introduce yourself before starting the conversation.
This is the way TCP/IP protocol works.

If you and the stranger were computers communicating through UDP, you won’t need to shake hands and have an introduction. You can just start talking.
The heart of user datagram protocol is “the datagram”
It is the basic unit of data transfer in UDP
A UDP datagram contains information about the IP address & port number of the host machine which is supposed to receive it, and a payload which has to be delivered.
Everything is in binary format and… represented by bytes.
A datagram is sent by a host computer as one unit and it is received by the target computer as one unit.
A good example will be like putting a letter in an envelope
 writing an address and port number as well on the envelope
Giving it to the postal service so that the intended receiver would pick it up.
An envelope here is the datagram.
Now let’s talk about a unique capability of UDP, that is … Datagram Broadcasting....
Since UDP is a connectionless protocol, as I explained earlier.
No hand shakes are needed
A host can send a packet to all hosts in the network on a specific port number at once in broadcast mode.
This would be akin to picking up a megaphone and talking to everybody in a hall at once.
In case of broadcast, The IP address part of the datagram is set to all 1s and a port number is also supplied
Any other host in the same local area network listening on the specific port number can receive this packet.


We can say it will be akin to putting a letter in an envelope and writing the address “everybody ” on it.
UDP broadcast is a feature used by many network protocols such as Simple Network Monitoring Protocol or SNMP.
I must tell you about some other important details of UDP protocol as well.
First, the delivery of a datagram is not guaranteed in UDP.
This means that if a packet is not received on the client, the network will not be flooded with re-transmission packets.
That’s why UDP is used for applications like video and audio conferencing, and IP TV.
A few missed packets will cause a some squeaks in the voice or maybe a few distorted pictures.
But the network won’t be congested with additional packets just to make sure you don’t miss a frame while binging on Netflix.
This is different from TCP/IP, in which case there’s an elaborate system of acknowledgements and retransmissions to make sure that all data sent is delivered successfully.
Secondly, the sequence of arrival of datagrams on the receiver can be different from the sequence of sending.
Both of these characteristics make UDP a faster protocol as compared to the TCP/IP.
Anyhow, both TCP/IP and UDP have their own areas of application.
Their own strengths and weaknesses.
And one size doesn't fit all in this case.
Since we’re already talking about TCP/IP protocol. It is worth mentioning that in case of TCP/IP protocol the sender and receiver must establish a connection before they could start a data exchange.
TCP/IP can’t do broadcasting and multicasting.

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Multicasting happens when a sender can send one datagram to multiple well known hosts, this is useful in IPTV scenarios.
Now that you got the basics covered about network programming. Let’s move on to the next section where we’d crank some code.

You don't need to learn C to work on this course.

Socket Java, python socket udp